Health Checkup Glossary
This glossary explains the terms that appear on health checkup and ningen dock result sheets, including their meaning, reference range guidelines, and related tests and conditions. From any item of interest, you can also go on to search for facilities that offer the relevant test. Because reference ranges vary by facility and measurement method, please consult the physician at your chosen facility for any final judgment.
Test values & numeric items
HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c)
A blood test marker that reflects average blood sugar levels over the past 1–2 months.
Fasting Blood Glucose
Blood glucose measured after fasting for 10 or more hours. A key indicator for detecting abnormal glucose metabolism.
LDL Cholesterol
A lipid marker on the "bad" side, associated with atherosclerosis.
HDL Cholesterol
The "good" lipid marker that collects and removes excess cholesterol from the body.
Triglycerides (TG)
A lipid marker that is easily influenced by diet and visceral fat.
γ-GTP (Gamma-GTP)
A liver and biliary enzyme. Levels can change due to alcohol consumption, fatty liver, and other factors.
ALT (GPT)
An enzyme found mainly in liver cells. Used as an indicator of liver damage.
AST (GOT)
An enzyme found not only in the liver but also in heart muscle and skeletal muscle.
Creatinine
A key blood test marker used to assess kidney function.
eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate)
An estimate of the kidney's filtering capacity. Used to evaluate chronic kidney disease.
Uric Acid (Uric Acid Level)
The final breakdown product of purine metabolism. Persistently high levels are associated with gout and other conditions.
Urine Protein (Proteinuria)
Presence or absence of protein in the urine. Persistent findings warrant evaluation for kidney disease.
BNP・NT-proBNP
A blood marker that reflects the burden on the heart. Used to evaluate heart failure.
Home Blood Pressure
Blood pressure measured at home. Considered important for the diagnosis and management of hypertension.
Waist Circumference (Abdominal Circumference)
A body measurement used as an indicator of visceral fat accumulation.
Systolic Blood Pressure (Upper Blood Pressure)
The blood pressure measured when the heart contracts and pumps blood out.
Urine Glucose
A test that checks whether glucose is present in the urine. This is separate from a blood glucose test.
Urine Occult Blood (Urine Occult Blood Reaction)
A test that checks whether blood components are present in the urine.
BMI (Body Mass Index)
A measure of body size calculated from weight and height. Used as an indicator of obesity or underweight.
Findings & conditions
Fatty Liver
A condition in which fat accumulates in the liver. Often identified through abdominal ultrasound or similar tests.
Metabolic Syndrome
A condition in which excess visceral fat accumulation is combined with abnormalities in blood pressure, lipids, and blood sugar.
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
A condition in which blood pressure is repeatedly elevated — distinct from a single high reading.
Dyslipidemia
An umbrella term for abnormalities in LDL, HDL, or triglyceride levels.
Helicobacter pylori Infection (H. pylori)
A bacterial infection associated with gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer.
Colon Polyp
A raised lesion that forms on the mucosal lining of the large intestine. Management varies depending on the type.
Dense Breast (High Breast Density)
A condition in which the proportion of glandular tissue in the breast is high, which can make it harder to detect abnormalities on mammography.
Lung Nodule (Pulmonary Nodule)
A small, round shadow seen in the lung. Benign vs. malignant cannot be determined from imaging alone.
Arrhythmia
A general term for irregularities in the heart's rhythm. It is sometimes detected incidentally with no symptoms.
White-Coat Hypertension
Blood pressure is elevated in a clinical or health-checkup setting but normal at home.
Masked Hypertension
Blood pressure reads normal at the clinic but is elevated at home or in the early morning. Often goes undetected.
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
A pre-dementia stage in which cognitive function is declined but daily life remains intact.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
A collective term for conditions in which reduced kidney function or proteinuria persists for 3 months or more.
Hyperuricemia
A condition in which uric acid levels in the blood are elevated. Associated with gout and kidney damage.
Carotid Plaque
A raised deposit on the wall of the carotid artery in the neck, indicating the presence of arteriosclerosis.
Gastric Polyp
A raised lesion that forms on the lining of the stomach. Most are benign.
Reflux Esophagitis
A condition in which stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing inflammation.
Ground-Glass Opacity (GGO)
A faint, hazy opacity seen on chest CT. Causes range from inflammation to tumors.
Genetic & genomic testing
Test procedures & processes
Fecal Occult Blood Test
A basic colorectal cancer screening test that detects trace amounts of blood mixed in the stool.
Endoscopy (Scope)
A procedure that uses a thin, flexible camera to directly examine the inside of the digestive tract and other internal structures.
Biopsy
A procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from an abnormal area and examined in detail under a microscope.
Systems & visit categories
Results & assessments
Further Examination Required
A result indicating that additional testing is needed to identify the cause of a potential abnormality.
Retest Required
A result indicating that the same test needs to be repeated to confirm findings, taking into account measurement conditions and possible temporary fluctuations.
Follow-Up Observation
A result indicating that immediate treatment is not needed, but re-evaluation is recommended after a set period.
Positive Result
A test result indicating "abnormality detected" or "substance found." Separate from a definitive diagnosis.